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玳玻天目,是指在中國江西省吉州窯燒制的一種天目茶碗。由於其釉面呈現近似玳瑁殼般的黃褐色斑紋,因此得名。自鐮倉時代起,日本上流階層對中國舶來的“唐物”十分推崇,這些渡來的中國名器珍寶長期被奉為至寶。此件玳玻天目茶碗原由松平不昧(一名著名茶人、大名)收藏,素來享有盛譽。
“taihi-san tenmoku chawan” refers to a type of Tenmoku tea bowl fired at the Jizhou kiln in Jiangxi Province, China. Its name derives from the mottled pattern on its surface, which resembles tortoiseshell (in Japanese, daihai or taikō). From the Kamakura period onward, Japan’s upper classes avidly sought Chinese imports (so-called Karamono), and these pieces, once brought to Japan, were cherished for centuries. This particular tea bowl, once in the hands of the renowned tea master and feudal lord Matsudaira Fumai, has been esteemed as an especially celebrated example.
相國寺 玳玻天目茶碗
國寶,南宋/12~13世紀
時代:南宋(12~13世紀)
等級:大名物(極其珍貴的茶道具)、國寶
尺寸: 高度:6.3釐米 口徑:11.7釐米 底徑:3.5釐米
重量:235克
附屬物:
內箱:桐木白箱,蓋上有松平不昧的手書題簽
外箱:桐木白箱,題簽與內箱同筆
仕覆:阿彌陀木棉
輓家:黑漆
傳來關係:
舊藏者:上田三郎右衛門
後由松平不昧於安永年間向江戶道具商河內屋宗海經手購得(價銀150兩)
所載文獻:能阿相伝集 君台観左右帳記 茶器目利聞書 極秘目利書 古今名 物類聚 伏見屋覚書 大崎様御道具代御手控 松平不昧伝 雲州蔵帳 大正名器鑑
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造型與製作工藝
此碗外觀呈較深的椀形,是玳玻盞中常見的造型,區別於建盞那種在口沿處常見的翻口處理。碗腹稍鼓,底部有一圈低矮的高台,整體略呈“碁笥底”的感覺,但高台部分的修削並不粗糙,而是仔細整修成規整正圓。底足圈口和內側都能看到素坯本色,為玳玻盞特有的略帶微黃調的灰白色瓷胎,質地細膩堅實。
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此碗的釉面製作極為講究。胎體先施以黑褐色、近黑飴色的鐵系釉層,再在其上以失透性的稻草灰釉(藁灰釉)進行二次覆蓋,形成玳瑁般斑紋。內、外兩部分各具特色:
外側釉面
以在黑釉上均勻、巧妙地振撒稻草灰釉,形成獨具特色的“玳玻釉”斑紋,亦被稱為“亀甲斑”。這些黃褐色至淡黃色的斑點在黑褐色底釉上呈現出玳瑁殼般的紋理,閃耀著柔和光澤。
內側釉面
先在黑釉上貼好切紙工藝剪出的圖案覆膜(類似貼紙),再將稻草灰釉層灑於其上。最後揭去貼紙,使圖案部分顯現出黑色,外圍部分則呈現稻草灰釉的色調。這種工藝有時被稱作“XSSぽたん”,日本文獻中也有類似記載。
主紋樣:中心見底(碗心)置一枚小團花紋(有人將其比作牡丹花的變體),花瓣背對而相連。此花紋在周圍又等距環繞配置多組團花,共分三層:第一圈9朵,第二圈5朵,最里圈1朵,合計15朵團花。
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帶狀紋飾:在團花紋樣環繞之外,另有一周以花唐草為主題的細帶紋帶。
釉色變化:在這些裝飾之間,釉面斑駁出紫褐色、淡黃白色的點片,呈霜降狀。部分區域因火候等因素會顯出青色、紅色等窯變效果,折射出奪目的光輝,為玳玻天目所特有的絢麗之處。
口沿
碗口加裝有黃銅質覆輪(或稱金屬包口),既可保護脆弱的口沿,也因金屬與陶瓷釉面的反差而平添幾分莊重氣息。
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藝術與歷史價值
玳玻盞之典型特徵
玳玻天目通常在胎體與釉藥交融處形成黑褐色與黃斑交織的特殊紋理,因其與玳瑁的外觀相似而得名。日本古籍中也有記載稱之為“玳玻盞”或“態甲盞”。
名物地位
此件茶碗不但釉色華美,且裝飾紋樣極為精細、用心,儼然超越一般玳玻天目的常見風格,在同類作品中堪稱翹楚。它在江戶時代中後期曾為大阪豪商上田三郎右衛門收藏,後於安永七年由茶道具商河內屋宗海經手,出售給出雲松江藩主松平不昧。松平不昧將其與“喜左衛門井戶”“細川井戶”“油滴天目”“加賀井戶”等並列為“天下名物”,視為頂級珍玩。
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傳承與指定
不昧公之後,此碗傳於其後代,後於昭和四年(1929年)首次登錄為舊國寶。二戰後被轉移到私人手中,並於昭和二十八年(1953年)依據新文化財保護法再次被正式指定為國寶,隨後進入相國寺收藏,地位與價值穩固無疑。
審美與工藝
玳玻盞的獨到之處更多體現在釉面千變萬化的窯變效果。本件茶碗的外壁黃褐色斑紋極富層次,內壁運用切紙貼花的手法,讓團花與唐草交相輝映,釉色或顯青光、或微泛紅紫光澤,於茶席觀賞時尤其美艷。加之茶碗整體小巧深邃的椀形,高台工整有度,胎骨堅實細膩,可謂兼具“形”“釉”雙美。
小結
此玳玻天目茶碗在日本國內現存的玳玻盞中,極負盛名。由於它色澤鮮明、工藝講究、紋飾規整優美,自古便與其他天下名物並稱,不僅是吉州窯南宋制瓷藝術的優秀遺珍,也在日本茶道史上享有崇高地位。松平不昧曾囑咐後世“與喜左衛門井戶、細川井戶等同列”,要世代珍重,可見其非凡的藝術與歷史價值。曾經,此碗流傳至私人手中(萬野美術館 Manno Art Museum),但後來進入了相國寺的收藏,仍作為國寶而廣受矚目,代表了中日陶瓷與茶道交流史上不可或缺的珍貴一環。
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常見問題:相國寺 玳玻(玳瑁)天目茶碗
1. 何謂「玳玻(Tortoiseshell)天目茶碗」?
答:所謂「玳玻天目」(日文中又稱 Daihisan 或 Taikō)茶碗,係指南宋時期(12~13世紀)在中國江西省吉州窯製作的一種天目茶碗。其典型特色為深色(黑色或深褐色)釉面上,佈滿黃褐色斑點,宛如玳瑁(tortoiseshell)的花紋,因而得名。此類茶碗在日本鎌倉時代之後,以「唐物」的身分傳入後,備受上流階層重視與珍藏。
2. 為何「相國寺 玳玻天目茶碗」如此受到推崇?
答:此茶碗之所以備受推崇,原因如下:
製作精湛:底足修削精確,器形比例得宜,且胎質緻密、細膩。
釉面複雜巧妙:外壁擁有典型且高度完成度的「玳瑁釉」斑紋,內壁則採用獨特的切紙模版(kirigami kata)技術,創造出花卉與卷草(arabesque)等紋飾。
傳承顯赫:此器曾由著名茶人、大名松平不昧收藏,並被日本政府指定為國寶,具備極高的歷史與文化地位。
3. 玳玻天目茶碗上「玳瑁紋」是如何形成的?
答:所謂的「玳瑁紋」或「龜甲斑」(kikkō-fu),是先於茶碗坯體上施掛黑色或深褐色的鐵系釉(kuro-ame,黑飴釉),之後再於釉面尚未乾透時,撒上半透明的稻草灰釉(藁灰釉 → わらはいゆう (wara-hai-yū))。經窯燒後,稻草灰釉局部融化並產生黃褐色斑點,與底層的深色釉相互交融,即形成類似玳瑁殼的獨特花紋。
4. 在這件玳玻天目茶碗的內部裝飾中,有何獨到之處?
答:此茶碗內部使用切紙模版(kirigami kata)的技法,先在黑釉表面貼覆紙張模版,再撒上稻草灰釉,接著揭去模版,即以黑色(底釉)保留圖案。其主題為:
中心處:一朵小型團花紋;
周邊:數圈以相似花卉為主的同心環列,以及一條帶狀卷草紋;
釉色特徵:局部顯現紫褐色與淡黃白色細斑,且在某些區域會泛青或帶紅,展現豐富的窯變效果。
如此精細的內部裝飾在玳玻天目中相當罕見,亦大幅提升了其藝術與收藏價值。
5. 何謂「kuro-ame」與「藁灰釉 → わらはいゆう (wara-hai-yū)」這兩種釉?在此茶碗上如何應用?
答:
kuro-ame(黑飴釉):一種深色、富光澤的鐵系釉,先全面施於茶碗胎體上。
藁灰釉 → わらはいゆう (wara-hai-yū)(稻草灰釉):一種半透明的稻草灰釉,撒在黑飴釉上,燒成後形成黃褐色斑點或紋路。
在此玳玻天目茶碗上,kuro-ame形成底色,藁灰釉 → わらはいゆう (wara-hai-yū)則負責產生玳瑁狀斑紋與內部的精緻圖案,兩者互相結合,展現出獨特且瑰麗的釉面效果。
6. 松平不昧是何許人也?為何他的關聯對此茶碗極為重要?
答:松平不昧(1751–1818)是江戶時代著名的茶人與出雲松江藩藩主。他透過江戶的古董商購入了此玳玻天目茶碗,並將其列入「天下名物」之列,與「喜左衛門井戶」「油滴天目」等同列。他對茶器的嚴謹紀錄以及對此碗的高度評價,使之成為日本茶道史與文化財產中極具份量的器物。
7. 此茶碗獲得「國寶」指定有何意義?
答:在日本,獲頒「國寶」之資格意味著該器物乃國家文化遺產中不可或缺之珍品,兼具高度的藝術性、歷史性與保存價值。此茶碗被指定為國寶,不僅彰顯其自身的重要地位,也象徵其作為中日陶瓷工藝與日本茶道文化交流的見證。
8. 此茶碗的器形結構有何獨特之處?與其他天目茶碗相比有何差異?
答:此玳玻天目茶碗具備深碗形,外口沿並無如建盞等常見的外撇。其圈足低且呈圓形,修削極為考究,與一般較粗放的天目碗修足方式有所區別。此種嚴謹細緻的製作工藝在玳玻天目中十分少見,也使此碗的質感與格調更為突出。
相国寺 玳玻天目茶碗(国宝.南宋/12〜13世紀)
玳玻天目は中国江西省の吉州窯で焼かれた天目茶碗の一種です。
器面に玳瑁に似た斑文様があるところからこの名前がついています。
鎌倉時代以降、日本の上流階級の人々は中国の唐物を盛んに求め、渡来したそれら唐物は永く尊ばれてきました。
この茶碗は松平不昧が所持した名高いものです。
素地全面に黒飴色の光沢の強い釉薬をかけ、その上から失透性の藁灰釉をかけて文様をあらわしています。内面には団花文を同心円状に配し、そのまわりには唐草文帯をめぐらせています。対して外側は藁灰釉を絶妙に振りかけて、斑文様を表現しています。
大名物国宝
《付属物》内箱-桐白木、書付松平不昧筆 外箱-桐白木、書付同筆 被覆-阿弥陀木綿 挽家-黒塗《伝来》上田三郎右衛門-松平不昧《寸法》高さ6.3 口径11.7 底径3.5 重さ235
伝来松平不昧が安永年間、河宗から購入
所載能阿相伝集 君台観左右帳記 茶器目利聞書 極秘目利書 古今名 物類聚 伏見屋覚書 大崎様御道具代御手控 松平不昧伝 雲州蔵帳 大正名器鑑
玳玻盞の遺品は、日本に伝世するものが多く、また、作調のすぐれたものが少なくありませんが、これは数ある玳玻盞のうちでも、最も鮮麗な、格調高いものとして、早くから名高い名碗です。
器形は、玳玻盞に通例の碗形り、建盞のような、口部のひねり返しはみられません。腰はまるみをもち、一見、いわゆる碁笥底に似た形にみえますけれども、ごく低い高台がついています。しかも高台の削り方は、けっして粗略ではありません。畳つきは一定の幅をもち、きっかりと仕上げてあり、正円の輪高台になっています。蛾皮盞としては、まれにみる、ていねいな作りです。素地は、玳玻盞特有のわずかに黄みをおびた灰白色で、きめ細かく、堅く焼き締まっています。
外側は、黒釉に藁灰釉をふりかけて、いわゆる亀甲斑としており、内面には、黒釉上に切り紙の型を置いて、藁灰釉を丹念にふりかけてから型をはずし、もようを黒く表す手法XSSぽたんを用いています。おもなもよう。は小団花紋とでもいうべきもの、牡丹の花二個を、背合わせに置いた異形のもので、中央見込みに」個、その周囲に五個、さらにその外方に九個を、一定の間隔をおいて、規則正しく配置してあります。さらに、これらの全体をめぐって、花唐草紋の細い帯が、同様に黒の型抜きで表されています。
このように整美な、手のこんだもようは、玳玻盞としては異例であって、一種の風格を備えた、すぐれた意匠になっています。内面の、黒釉上に施された藁灰釉の斑紋は、いたってきめ細かく、紫かっ色と淡黄白色の霜降り状になっており、しかも、見込みや口縁下の部分などは青みを帯び、また赤みを帯びて、きらめくような、はなやかな趣が生まれています。総体に、伝世の天目茶碗特有の、しっとりした光沢があるのも快いです。
口縁には真録の覆輪が施してあります。
製作地は、江西省の吉州窯。製作の時期は、南宋時代、十二・三世紀のころでしょう。早く、わが国にもたらされ、伝世したものと推測されますが、初期の所蔵者は明らかでありません。
江戸時代の中ごろ、大阪の豪商、上田三郎右衛門が所蔵していましたが、安永七年、江戸の道具商、河内屋宗海の取り次ぎで、百五十両で、松平不昧公が入手しました。
不昧公は、長次郎北野黒、喜左衛門井戸、油滴天目、加賀井戸などとともに、これを天下の大名物とし、特に珍玩しました。爾来、雲州松平家に伝わり、昭和四年には旧国宝に指定され戦後、現所有者に移ってのち、昭和二十八年、新国宝の指定を受けました。天目茶碗中に傑出した遺品です。
(長谷部楽爾)
黒褐色の鉄釉の上に黄色い斑文を浮かべる釉調が玳玻の皮に似ているところから、この名があります。態甲蓋ともいいます。碗の外側は斑文ですが、内側は花文・鳳凰文・木葉文・文字文などの文様があります。この茶碗は松平不昧が、「喜左衛門井戸」や「細川井戸」などとともに、天下の名物として大切にすべしと伝えた数点の茶碗の中の一つで、格式は高いです。口縁は黄銅の覆輪をもち、形は深めの椀形で、玳玻盞の特徴の一つであるわずかに高く広い高台が付き、高台縁およびその内側に白土をみせています。玳玻盞の妙味は土や形ではなく、その上にかかる釉薬の変化にあります。外面の釉は、黒褐色の上に黄ばんだ卯の斑の散った、いわゆる玳玻釉あります。内面は、下地にかけた釉の上に切り紙細工を貼り、上釉をかけて浮き出させた黒褐色の文様があります。黄みを帯びた地に、口縁から少し下がったところに黒褐色の帯文をめぐらし、そこから茶溜りに至るまで、三段の唐花文様を第一段に九点、第二段に五点、茶溜りに一点、合わせて十五点を整然と散らしています。また、帯文の上になだれる卯の斑は、火加減からか青みを帯びて美しいです。釉色彩文が内外ともに美麗で、この手天目中の白眉とされます。
Shōkoku-ji Daihisan (Tortoiseshell) Tenmoku Tea Bowl
(National Treasure, Southern Song Dynasty, 12th–13th century)
Glaze and Decoration
The bowl’s body is entirely coated in a glossy, blackish-brown “candy black” glaze (kuro-ame), over which a semi-opaque straw-ash glaze (藁灰釉 → わらはいゆう (wara-hai-yū)) was applied to create decorative patterns:
Interior Using a cut-paper stencil technique (kirigami kata), straw-ash glaze was carefully sprinkled on top of the black glaze. After the stencil was removed, the reserved black areas formed the design. Arranged concentrically in the interior are multiple small round floral motifs (dan-ka mon), with five surrounding the central one and an outer ring of nine, placed at regular intervals. Encircling these is a narrow band of arabesque (karakusa) pattern, likewise revealed in black by the same stencil method.
Exterior The outer surface is embellished by deftly sprinkling straw-ash glaze over the black ground, resulting in a tortoiseshell-like pattern (often referred to as kikkō-fu, or “tortoise-shell mottling”).
These elaborately applied patterns are quite rare among Daihisan Tenmoku bowls, imbuing this piece with an exceptional dignity and refined design. On the interior, the straw-ash glaze shows extremely fine speckling in purplish-brown and pale yellowish-white, sometimes taking on bluish or reddish tinges near the bowl’s well and just below the rim. This imparts a brilliant, lively quality, further enhanced by the characteristically soft, lustrous surface seen in well-preserved Tenmoku bowls. The lip is reinforced with a thin band of brass (sometimes called shinroku), both protecting the rim and adding a refined accent.
Shape and Clay Body
The bowl has a typical Daihisan Tenmoku silhouette, essentially a deep bowl with no pronounced outward flare at the rim (unlike certain Jian ware examples). The sides curve gently, and although the foot at first glance might seem in the style of a “go-ke” bottom, it is in fact a very low but precisely trimmed circular foot. The care taken in trimming indicates a high level of craftsmanship unusual for bowls of this type. The clay itself is a slightly yellowish-grayish-white typical of Daihisan Tenmoku, densely fired to a hard, fine-grained body.
Classification as a “Daimyō Meibutsu” and National Treasure
Designation
Daimyō Meibutsu
National Treasure
Included Accessories
Inner Box (kiribako): plain paulownia wood, inscribed by Matsudaira Fumai
Outer Box: plain paulownia wood, inscription in the same hand
Protective Wrapping: Amida cotton
Fitted Carrying Box (hikiya): black-lacquered
Dimensions
Height: 6.3 cm
Mouth Diameter: 11.7 cm
Foot Diameter: 3.5 cm
Weight: 235 g
Provenance
Early ownership by the Osaka merchant Ueda Saburōemon
Purchased by Matsudaira Fumai during the An’ei era (1772–1781) from the Edo tea-utensil dealer Kawauchiya Sōkai, for 150 ryō
References inNō A Sōden-shū, Kundai Kan Sayuchō-ki, Chaki Mekiki Mongaku, Gokuhimitsu Mekiki-sho, Kokon Meibutsu Ruijū, Fushimiya Obegaki, Ōsaki-sama O-dōgu-dai O-tegakari, Matsudaira Fumai-den, Unshū Zōchō, Taishō Meiki-kan, among others.
Matsudaira Fumai prized this tea bowl among his most important pieces, on par with such famed wares as Chōjirō’s “Kitano Kuro,” the “Kizaemon Ido,” the “Yuteki Tenmoku,” and the “Kaga Ido.” He recognized it as one of the “Tenka no Daimyō Meibutsu” (“Great Famous Utensils Under Heaven”) and held it in particularly high esteem. Ever since, it has been passed down in the Matsudaira family of Unshū (Izumo). Designated an “Old National Treasure” in Shōwa 4 (1929), it was ultimately re-designated as a National Treasure under the postwar cultural property system in Shōwa 28 (1953). Among the extant Tenmoku bowls, it stands out for its exceptional quality.
Additional Notes
Nicknamed Taikō-gai (“tortoiseshell cover”) for its tortoiseshell-like glaze effect, Daihisan Tenmoku bowls often feature different motifs on the interior—flowers, phoenixes, leaf shapes, or even calligraphic characters. The appeal of a Daihisan Tenmoku lies not only in its form or clay body but in the striking glaze transformations and patterns that emerge during firing. The high aesthetic rank of this particular bowl is reflected in Matsudaira Fumai’s edict that it be treasured alongside other legendary Ido and Tenmoku bowls. With its stunning interior motifs, tortoiseshell patterning on the exterior, and vivid flashes of blue and red in the glaze, it is justly regarded as a pinnacle among tea bowls of its type.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Shōkoku-ji Daihisan (Tortoiseshell) Tenmoku Tea Bowl
What is a Daihisan or "Tortoiseshell" Tenmoku tea bowl?
A Daihisan (or Taikō) Tenmoku tea bowl is a type of Tenmoku tea bowl produced at the Jizhou kilns in Jiangxi Province, China, during the Southern Song Dynasty (12th-13th centuries). It is distinguished by its glaze, which is typically black or dark brown, with mottled yellowish-brown patterns that resemble a tortoiseshell, hence the name. These bowls were highly valued in Japan after being imported as part of "Karamono" (Chinese goods).
What makes the Shōkoku-ji Daihisan Tenmoku tea bowl so special?
This specific tea bowl is considered exceptional for several reasons. Firstly, its craftsmanship is remarkable, with precise trimming of the low foot and a very smooth, fine-grained clay body. Secondly, its glaze is particularly intricate, displaying a well-executed tortoiseshell pattern on the exterior, and complex stenciled floral and arabesque designs on the interior. Finally, it boasts an impressive provenance, having been owned by the renowned tea master Matsudaira Fumai, and is now a designated National Treasure of Japan.
How is the distinctive tortoiseshell pattern created on Daihisan Tenmoku bowls?
The tortoiseshell pattern is achieved by first applying a black or dark brown iron-based glaze, and then, while still wet, sprinkling a semi-opaque straw-ash glaze over the surface. The way the ash glaze is sprinkled and then fired causes these characteristic yellow-brown mottling, and is often referred to as "kikkō-fu" or “tortoise-shell mottling”.
What is the significance of the interior design in this particular Daihisan Tenmoku?
The interior of this tea bowl features a unique and sophisticated stenciled design created using the "kirigami kata" or cut-paper stencil technique. A straw-ash glaze is applied over a stencil. The stencil is then removed to reveal designs in the dark under-glaze, consisting of a central small floral medallion, surrounded by concentric circles of similar medallions and a band of arabesque patterns. This detailed interior design is highly unusual for a Daihisan Tenmoku bowl and adds to its value. The interior glaze also displays varying color tones, including a purplish-brown and pale yellowish white speckling, with some areas showing tinges of blue and red, further showcasing the complexity of the firing.
What is "kuro-ame" and "藁灰釉 → わらはいゆう (wara-hai-yū)" glazes, and how are they used on the Shōkoku-ji Daihisan bowl?
"Kuro-ame" translates to "candy black" glaze, a dark, glossy iron-based glaze that is first applied to the entire surface of the tea bowl. "藁灰釉 → わらはいゆう (wara-hai-yū)" translates to "straw-ash glaze", and is a semi-opaque glaze that's applied over the kuro-ame glaze to create the tortoiseshell pattern and interior decorations. The combination and careful application of these glazes are crucial to the Daihisan Tenmoku’s distinctive appearance.
Who was Matsudaira Fumai, and why is his connection to the tea bowl important?
Matsudaira Fumai (1751-1818) was a renowned Japanese feudal lord and tea master. He acquired this Daihisan Tenmoku tea bowl from a merchant in Edo and considered it among his most prized possessions, including other famous wares like the “Kizaemon Ido” and "Yuteki Tenmoku". Fumai’s meticulous records and his declaration that this bowl should be treasured alongside these other “Great Famous Utensils Under Heaven” solidified the tea bowl's status and cultural importance.
What is the significance of this tea bowl being designated a National Treasure?
The designation as a National Treasure in Japan signifies that this tea bowl is considered an invaluable part of the nation's cultural heritage. This formal recognition emphasizes the bowl's artistic merit, historical significance, and the importance of its preservation. It also highlights the tea bowl as not just a historical artifact, but a representation of the intersection of Chinese ceramic technology and Japanese aesthetics and tea culture.
What is unique about the shape and structure of this bowl and how is it different from other Tenmoku bowls?
The Shōkoku-ji Daihisan Tenmoku bowl has a deep, gently curved bowl shape typical of Daihisan Tenmoku, but without the outward flare at the rim common to Jian ware bowls. Its foot is low and circular, meticulously trimmed to a very precise form. This attention to detail in both the basic shape and refinement is unusual, and contributes to the exceptional quality of this piece.
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