人物畫像紋飾出現於春秋晚期以後，描繪宴樂、弋射、採桑、狩獵、還有搏鬥、攻城、水戰等場面，是該時代新出現的嘗試，它擺脫了以往青銅器紋飾圖案化特徵和神秘化色彩，更加貼近自然和生活，也是中國古代繪畫藝術在青銅器上的反映。
The depiction of human figures in decorative patterns first emerged during the Late Spring and Autumn period. Such imagery went on to illustrate a variety of scenes including banquets, archery, mulberry picking, hunting, as well as combat, siege warfare, and naval battles. This innovative approach marked a departure from the previously more abstract and mystically charged motifs on bronze vessels, reflecting a trend toward designs that are more naturalistic and reflective of everyday life. In this manner, the decoration on the vessel is also seen as an expression of early Chinese painting traditions as applied to bronze art.
錯紅銅狩獵畫像紋豆
春秋晚期
尺寸：高20.7釐米，口徑17.5釐米，底徑11.1釐米
工藝：範鑄法、鑲嵌、錯
來源：山西省大同市渾源縣李峪村出土
此豆口部微斂，蓋、器各飾狩獵圖案兩組，周體的紋飾均以紅銅鑲嵌而成。在成群四處奔走的禽獸間，有幾個獵手或張弓射箭，或持矛投刺，或揮劍刺殺，在激烈的追逐下，成群的禽獸四處奔命，有的野獸已身中數箭。整個圖案具體生動的描繪了古代貴族狩獵的情形，為青銅鑲嵌工藝的精品。
人物畫像紋飾出現於春秋晚期以後，描繪宴樂、弋射、採桑、狩獵、還有搏鬥、攻城、水戰等場面，是該時代新出現的嘗試，它擺脫了以往青銅器紋飾圖案化特徵和神秘化色彩，更加貼近自然和生活，也是中國古代繪畫藝術在青銅器上的反映。
豆主要是盛放醃菜、肉醬的器具，也可盛放飯食。在商代晚期已經開始使用，直至春秋戰國時才比較盛行。常見的形制是上有一個碗狀容器，下為較高的圈足形柄。春秋以前的豆一般無蓋，春秋以後多加置有蓋，且其形狀通常與器相似而較小，取下後卻置即可成為一個食盤。
常见问题：镶嵌铜豆
问1：豆器是什么？它在古代中国的主要功能是什么？
答：豆器是一种古代中国使用的盛器，主要用于盛放腌制蔬菜和肉酱，同时也可用于盛饭。通常，豆器由上部呈碗状的容器和下部较高的圈足构成。进入后期，豆器常配有盖子，盖体不仅起保护作用，取下后还可作为小型食盘使用。豆器的使用始于商朝晚期，并在春秋战国时期变得更为普及。
问2：文献中描述的这件豆器有何独特之处？它属于哪个时期？
答：所述豆器的独特之处在于其精美的装饰工艺。器盖与器体均饰有镶嵌的红铜狩猎图案，图中描绘了猎人正奋力追逐、射箭、刺杀以及兽群奔逃的情景，生动再现了古代贵族的狩猎活动。这件豆器被确认为出自春秋晚期。
问3：豆器上的装饰采用了哪些工艺技术？
答：豆器的装饰图案是通过范铸法与镶嵌工艺制作而成。具体而言，是将红铜精细地镶嵌于青铜器表面，以形成狩猎场景及其他装饰纹样。此外，“剔”这一术语亦常用于描述相关的镶嵌工艺，这种技术构成了该器物艺术价值的重要部分。
问4：豆器上所描绘的狩猎场景反映了当时社会文化的哪些特征？
答：豆器上细致的狩猎场景为我们提供了对春秋晚期贵族生活活动的深入了解。图案展示了狩猎作为一种休闲娱乐和可能的武艺训练的重要性，反映出贵族阶层在技艺和对自然掌控方面的追求。猎人奋力追逐猎物的动态刻画，不仅体现了技能的较量，也反映了当时艺术风格从抽象符号向写实自然转变的趋势。
问5：豆器的装饰风格与早期青铜器有何不同，这种变化意味着什么？
答：早期青铜器的装饰多为抽象图案，带有神秘或象征性色彩。而这件豆器上出现的细致具象的狩猎场景，则标志着一种向自然主义和日常生活描绘的转变。这种从程式化纹饰向生动真实刻画的转变，反映了艺术风格的演进和人们对现实生活场景表现兴趣的增强。
问6：该豆器的出土地点在哪里，其出处有何重要意义？
答：这件豆器出土于山西省大同市浑源县李峪村。文物的具体出处为我们提供了其历史、文化与考古价值的重要背景信息。此出土地点连同豆器独特的装饰风格，均表明该器物可能是当地制作的代表作，而该地区在这一时期以精湛的镶嵌铜器著称。
问7：除了狩猎场景，春秋晚期的青铜器上还描绘了哪些其他主题？
答：除狩猎外，春秋晚期的青铜器上还开始描绘诸如宴乐、弋射、采桑、战斗、攻城以及水战等多种生活与军事场景。这种题材的多样化反映出当时艺术家对自然主义及日常生活描写的浓厚兴趣，也体现了社会文化关注点的广泛转变。
问8：为何这件豆器被视为其时代的代表性杰作？
答：这件豆器之所以具有代表性，首先在于它展现了春秋晚期青铜镶嵌工艺的巅峰之作。其精细且充满动感的狩猎场景，再加上红铜镶嵌技术的巧妙运用，充分体现了当时先进的艺术技巧。此外，这件豆器生动地再现了贵族生活和文化习俗，标志着从抽象符号向写实描绘转变的重要艺术趋势，因而具有极高的历史和艺术价值。
關鍵詞：銅 春秋晚期 飪食器 禮器 豆 範鑄法 鑲嵌 狩獵 錯
Bronze Bean with Inlaid Hunting Scene DecorationLate Spring and Autumn Period
Dimensions:
Height: 20.7 cm
Mouth Diameter: 17.5 cm
Base Diameter: 11.1 cm
Manufacture:
Techniques: Mould-casting and inlay
Provenance:
Excavated from Li Yu Village, Hunyuan County, Datong City, Shanxi Province
The vessel’s mouth tapers slightly. Both the lid and the body are decorated with two sets of hunting scene motifs, while the overall decorative pattern covering the surface is entirely inlaid with red copper. In these scenes, amidst flocks of wild animals in frantic motion, several hunters are portrayed: some are seen drawing their bows to shoot arrows, others wield spears to thrust, and still others brandish swords to stab. During the intense pursuit, the animals scatter in all directions—with some wild beasts already shown pierced by several arrows. This vivid and detailed composition accurately depicts the hunting activities of ancient aristocrats and is regarded as a masterpiece of bronze inlay craftsmanship.
The depiction of human figures in decorative patterns first emerged during the Late Spring and Autumn period. Such imagery went on to illustrate a variety of scenes including banquets, archery, mulberry picking, hunting, as well as combat, siege warfare, and naval battles. This innovative approach marked a departure from the previously more abstract and mystically charged motifs on bronze vessels, reflecting a trend toward designs that are more naturalistic and reflective of everyday life. In this manner, the decoration on the vessel is also seen as an expression of early Chinese painting traditions as applied to bronze art.
The "dou" was primarily used as a container for holding pickled vegetables and meat sauces, though it could also serve to hold rice. While the use of such vessels began in the Late Shang period, they became particularly prevalent during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. Typically, the form consists of an upper bowl-like container mounted on a high, ring-footed base. Prior to the Spring and Autumn period, dou vessels generally did not have lids; however, in later periods a lid—usually smaller and of a similar shape to the main vessel—was added, which could be removed and used as a plate.
FAQ Inlaid Copper Dou
What is a dou, and what was its primary function in ancient China?
A dou was a type of vessel used in ancient China, primarily for holding pickled vegetables and meat sauces. It could also be used to serve rice. Dou vessels typically consisted of a bowl-like upper container and a high, ring-footed base. In later periods they were often accompanied by a lid that could double as a small plate. They began to be used in the Late Shang period, becoming more common in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods.
What is unique about the dou described in the source, and what time period does it come from?
The dou described in the source is unique for its elaborate decoration. It features inlaid red copper hunting scenes on both the lid and the body, showing figures actively engaged in hunting and the animals fleeing, vividly depicting aristocratic hunting activities. This particular dou is dated to the Late Spring and Autumn period.
What decorative techniques were used to create the designs on the dou?
The decorative patterns on the dou were created using the techniques of mould-casting and inlay. Specifically, red copper was inlaid into the bronze surface to form the hunting scenes and other patterns. The term "cuo" is also associated with inlaid work. This inlay technique is a significant aspect of the artistic value of the vessel.
What do the hunting scenes depicted on the dou tell us about the society and culture of the time?
The detailed hunting scenes on the dou offer insights into the activities of the aristocratic class during the Late Spring and Autumn period. The scenes illustrate the importance of hunting as a pastime and potentially a martial skill for the elite. The dynamic portrayal of hunters actively pursuing animals suggests a culture focused on skill and control over nature. These scenes also reflect a shift in bronze art toward depictions of naturalistic and everyday life.
How does the style of the dou's decorations differ from earlier bronze vessels, and what does this shift represent?
Earlier bronze vessels often featured more abstract, patterned designs with a more mystical or symbolic quality. The appearance of detailed figurative scenes on bronze objects, like the hunting scenes on this dou, mark a shift towards greater naturalism and depictions of daily life. This move away from stylized patterns signifies an evolution in artistic style and an interest in portraying more realistic scenes of human activities.
Where was the dou discovered, and what is the significance of its provenance?
The dou was excavated from Li Yu Village in Hunyuan County, Datong City, Shanxi Province. The provenance of an artifact provides important contextual information about its historical, cultural, and archaeological significance. This specific site, along with its specific style, suggests that this was a piece of local production, in the area known for its inlaid copper artwork in this time period.
Besides hunting, what other types of scenes were depicted on bronze objects during this time period?
In addition to hunting scenes, bronze objects from the Late Spring and Autumn period began to depict various aspects of daily life, such as banquets, archery, mulberry picking, combat, siege warfare, and naval battles. This diversification of themes highlights a growing interest in naturalistic and everyday representations, reflecting a broader change in societal focus.
Why is this particular dou considered a significant example of its time?
This dou is considered a significant example because it is a masterpiece of bronze inlay craftsmanship from the Late Spring and Autumn period. The detailed and dynamic hunting scenes, along with the fine use of red copper inlay, showcase the advanced artistic techniques of the time. Furthermore, the dou provides a vivid glimpse into aristocratic life and cultural practices, reflecting the shift from abstract, symbolic designs to more lifelike and relatable depictions.
Keywords: Copper; Late Spring and Autumn Period; Food Vessel; Ritual Vessel; Dou; Mould-casting; Inlay; Hunting
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