宋代筆記 vol.126 克利夫蘭博物館:北宋晚期至金代木雕水月觀音 - Cleveland Museum, Northern Song Dynasty to Jin Dynasty Wooden Seated Guanyin Bodhisattva
- SACA
- Feb 28
- 8 min read
Updated: Mar 18


水月觀音坐像
約1100年代末至1200年代初
中國,北宋晚期(960-1127)至金代(1115-1234)
木雕,彩繪和鎏金
整體高度:138厘米(54 5/16英寸) 由J. H. Wade基金於1984年購得,編號1984.70
此雕像經過克利夫蘭博物館的修復師精心處理,使用外科手術刀和刻刀揭開了原始彩繪和鎏金,這些原始塗裝被一層保護性的清漆和油漆所覆蓋。
水月觀音本來坐在一塊岩石座椅上,代表著他來自神話中的波塔拉島岸邊。他的右腿抬起,手臂輕輕搭在屈膝上,呈現出放鬆的姿態。這尊觀音像表現出優雅、冷靜與慈悲,尤其作為“引導靈魂”的象徵,帶來希望與救贖。

來源
1943年之前至1944年5月 日本山中公司(Yamanaka & Co.),紐約,NY,委託蘇富比·帕克·伯內特畫廊拍賣
1944年5月24日至27日 (蘇富比·帕克·伯內特畫廊,紐約。“東方藝術:紐約店面全部庫存及來自芝加哥店面的新增品項”,第一部分。1944年5月24日至27日拍賣。第782號拍品)
1944年後至1958年 巴隆·讓·熱爾曼·萊昂·卡塞爾·范·多恩(Baron Jean Germain Léon Cassel van Doorn)收藏 [1882–1952]
1952年後至1984年 佛羅倫斯·J·古爾德(Florence J. Gould) [1895–1983],法國,瓊岸(Juan-les-Pins)
1984年6月27日 (蘇富比·帕克·伯內特,摩納哥。“中國瓷器及中國藝術品:佛羅倫斯·J·古爾德的遺產”。1984年6月27日拍賣。第104號拍品。售予J. E. Eskenazi有限公司)
1984年6月27日至9月24日 (J. E. Eskenazi有限公司,售予克利夫蘭博物館)
1984年9月24日– 克利夫蘭博物館,克利夫蘭,俄亥俄州
文獻
山中公司,編。 《中國及其他遠東藝術品》 紐約: [約翰·B·沃金斯公司印刷,紐約],1943。第408號
蘇富比·帕克·伯內特公司,紐約。《東方藝術,第一部分,紐約店面全部庫存及來自芝加哥店面的新增品項》。1944年5月24日至27日。重製:第151頁,第782號拍品
威爾遜,菲利浦與阿莉森·布蘭德。 《拍賣藝術:蘇富比1983-84年的回顧》。倫敦:蘇富比出版,1984。重製:第385頁
蘇富比·帕克·伯內特。 摩納哥。《中國瓷器及中國藝術品:佛羅倫斯·J·古爾德的遺產,來自戛納的別墅“El Patio”》。1984年6月27日。提及:第104頁;重製:第105頁,第1452號拍品
特納,埃文·H。“1984年年度回顧”。《克利夫蘭博物館公報》72卷,第2期(1985年4月):163-207。重製:第173頁;提及:第207頁,第173號
登普西,詹姆斯·H。“1984年度報告”。《克利夫蘭博物館公報》72卷,第4期(1985年7月):242-298。提及及重製:第254頁
國立故宮博物院編。 《海外遺珎·佛像》。台北市:國立故宮博物院,1990。重製:第150頁
特納,埃文·H。《物品課程:克利夫蘭創建藝術博物館》。克利夫蘭:克利夫蘭博物館,1991。重製:第185頁
孫迪編。《中國流失海外佛教造像總合圖目》。北京:外文出版社,2005。第7卷,第1348頁
埃斯肯納齊,朱塞佩與哈吉尼·埃利亞斯。《商人的手:通過朱塞佩·埃斯肯納齊的眼睛看中國藝術世界》。倫敦:斯卡拉出版社,2012。重製:第96頁,第90圖
鍾安娜。“再現:克利夫蘭博物館的新中國畫廊與藝術收藏”。《Orientations》44卷,第8期(2013年11月/12月):64-75。重製:第64頁
展覽歷史
1984年年度回顧。 克利夫蘭博物館,克利夫蘭,OH(組織者)(1985年4月3日至5日)。

克利夫蘭博物館木雕坐觀音常見問題
木雕坐觀音雕像的來源和年代是什麼?
這尊木雕坐觀音雕像創作於中國北宋晚期至金代,約為1100年代末至1200年代初,具體時間在960年至1234年間。
雕像的尺寸和材質是什麼?
雕像由木材製作,並且進行了彩繪(多色)和鎏金(貼金工藝)。其總高度為138厘米(54 5/16英寸)。
“水月觀音”或“南海觀音”這個名稱有何意義?
“水月觀音”或“南海觀音”指的是觀音菩薩的一種特定形象,通常是坐姿,呈放鬆姿勢,有時坐在岩石寶座上。這種姿勢旨在表現觀音所居住的神話島嶼波塔拉島,觀音居住於此,隨時準備幫助需要幫助的眾生。
觀音的放鬆姿勢有何深層意義?
觀音的放鬆姿勢,右腿抬起,手臂輕放在屈膝上,展現出優雅、冷靜與慈悲。這種姿勢象徵著觀音菩薩的親和力與願意提供慰藉和幫助。此雕像尤其被認為是“引導靈魂”的象徵,帶來拯救的希望。
克利夫蘭博物館對此雕像進行了哪些修復工作?
克利夫蘭博物館在獲得這尊雕像後,修復師們精心去除了多層保護性清漆和油漆,使用外科手術刀和刻刀進行細緻處理,從而揭開了原始的彩繪和鎏金,使雕像恢復了原本的光彩。
此雕像的來源(所有權歷史)是什麼?
這尊雕像的來源可以追溯到至少1943年。當時它屬於紐約的山中公司(Yamanaka & Co.),並於1944年被交給蘇富比·帕克·伯內特畫廊拍賣。後來它由巴隆·讓·熱爾曼·萊昂·卡塞爾·范·多恩(Baron Jean Germain Léon Cassel van Doorn)收藏,之後由佛羅倫斯·J·古爾德(Florence J. Gould)擁有,最終於1984年由J. E. Eskenazi有限公司購得,並將其出售給克利夫蘭博物館。
這尊雕像曾經在哪些地方展覽或被記錄過?
此雕像曾參加過克利夫蘭博物館的《1984年年度回顧》展覽。它也被多本出版物記錄和重製,包括蘇富比的拍賣目錄、藝術期刊《Orientations》,以及《中國流失海外佛教造像總合圖目》等學術資料中。
這尊觀音雕像作為一個象徵有何作用?
這尊觀音雕像作為慈悲、拯救和希望的象徵,表達了一種平和與寧靜的感覺,為觀者提供慰藉與指引。它以“引導靈魂”的身份,清晰地表達了對更美好未來的希望。

Seated Guanyin
觀音坐像
late 1100s–1200s
China, late Northern Song dynasty (960-1127) - Jin dynasty
(1115-1234)
wood with polychromy and gilding
Overall: 138 cm (54 5/16 in.)
Purchase from the J. H. Wade Fund 1984.70
After acquisition, the CMA conservator meticulously used surgical knives and etching tools to uncover the sculpture's original polychromy and gilding, hidden beneath layers of protective varnish and paint.
The South Sea Guanyin was originally seated on a rocky throne to represent the shore of his home in the mythical island of Potala. His right leg is raised, the arm resting on the folded knee in a relaxed position. With an expression of grace, calmness, and compassion, the Guanyin is especially appealing as the "guide of souls" who offers hope for salvation.

Provenance
? by 1943–May 1944
Yamanaka & Co., Inc., New York, NY, consigned to Sotheby Parke Bernet Galleries, New York, for auction
May 24–27, 1944
(Sotheby Parke Bernet Galleries, New York. "Oriental Art: the Entire Stock of the New York Store with Additions from the Chicago Store of Yamanaka & Co., Inc.," Part I. May 24–27, 1944 sale. Lot 782)
after 1944–by 1958
Collection of Baron Jean Germain Léon Cassel van Doorn [1882–1952]
after 1952–1984
Florence J. Gould [1895–1983], Juan-les Pins, France
June 27, 1984
(Sotheby Parke Bernet, Monaco. "Porcelaines de Chine et Objets d'art Chinois: Succession de Florence J. Gould." June 27, 1984 sale. Lot 104. Sold to J. E. Eskenazi ,Ltd.)
June 27-September 24, 1984
(J. E. Eskenazi, Ltd., sold to the Cleveland Museum of Art)
September 24, 1984–
The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH

Citations
Yamanaka & Company. Collection of Chinese and Other Far Eastern Art. New York, N.Y.: [Printed by the John B. Watkins Co., New York], 1943. no. 408
Sotheby Parke Bernet Inc., New York. Oriental Art, Part I, Liquidation of the Entire Stock of the New York Store with Additions from the Chicago Store of Yamanaka & Co., Inc.. May 24–27, 1944. Reproduced: p. 151, Lot no. 782
Wilson, Philip and Alison Brand. Art at Auction: The Year at Sotheby's 1983-84. London: Sotheby's Publications, 1984. Reproduced: p. 385
Sotheby Parke Bernet. Monaco. Porcelaines de Chine et objets d'art chinois: [succession de Florence J. Gould, provenant de la villa a Cannes, el Patio] ; mercredi 27 juin 1984. June 27, 1984. Mentioned: p. 104; Reproduced: p. 105, Lot no. 1452
Turner, Evan H. “The Year in Review for 1984.” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 72, no. 2 (April 1985): 163–207. Reproduced: p. 173; Mentioned: p. 207, no. 173
Dempsey, James H. “The Annual Report for 1984.” The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 72, no. 4 (July 1985): 242–298. Mentioned and reproduced: p. 254
Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan 國立故宮博物院. Hai wai yi zhen. fo xiang [海外遺珎. 佛像 = Chinese art in overseas collections. Buddhist sculpture]. Taibei Shi: Guo li gu gong bo wu yuan, 1990. Reproduced: p. 150
Turner, Evan H. Object Lessons: Cleveland Creates an Art Museum. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 1991. Reproduced: p. 185
Sun, Di 孙迪, editor. Zhongguo liu shi hai wai Fo jiao zao xiang zong he tu mu [中国流失海外佛教造像总合图目= Comprehensive Illustrated Catalogue of Chinese Buddhist Statues in Overseas Collections]. Beijing: Wai wen chu ban she, 2005. vol.7, 1348
Eskenazi, Giuseppe and Hajni Elias. A Dealer's Hand: The Chinese Art World Through the Eyes of Giuseppe Eskenazi. London: Scala Publishers Ltd., 2012. Reproduced: p. 96, fig. 90
Chung, Anita. "Re-Emergence: New Chinese Galleries and Art Acquisitions of The Cleveland Museum of Art." Orientations 44, no. 8 (November/December 2013): 64-75. Reproduced: p. 64
Exhibition History
Year in Review for 1984. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, OH (organizer) (April 3-May 5, 1985).

Frequently Asked Questions: Cleveland Museum's Wooden Seated Guanyin
What is the origin and age of the Wooden Seated Guanyin statue at the Cleveland Museum of Art?
The Wooden Seated Guanyin statue dates from the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty in China, approximately from the late 1100s to the early 1200s. This places its creation sometime between 960-1234 AD.
What are the statue's dimensions and materials?
The statue is made of wood with polychromy (multiple colors) and gilding (application of gold leaf). Its overall height is 138 centimeters (54 5/16 inches).
What is the significance of the term "Water-Moon Guanyin" or "South Sea Guanyin"?
The term "Water-Moon Guanyin" or "South Sea Guanyin" refers to a specific depiction of Guanyin, the bodhisattva of compassion, often shown seated in a relaxed posture, sometimes on a rocky throne. This pose is meant to evoke the mythical island of Potala, Guanyin's home, where the deity resides to be available to beings in need of help.
What is the significance of Guanyin's relaxed posture?
Guanyin's relaxed posture, with the right leg raised and the arm resting on the folded knee, embodies grace, calmness, and compassion. It signifies the deity's accessibility and willingness to provide comfort and aid. The statue is especially considered "the guide of souls" and offers hope for salvation.
What restoration work was performed on the statue at the Cleveland Museum of Art?
After the Cleveland Museum of Art acquired the statue, conservators meticulously removed layers of protective varnish and paint using surgical knives and etching tools. This process revealed the original polychromy (colors) and gilding, restoring the statue to its original splendor.
What is known about the statue's provenance (history of ownership)?
The statue's provenance can be traced back to at least 1943. It was owned by Yamanaka & Co., Inc. in New York before being consigned to Sotheby Parke Bernet Galleries for auction in 1944. Later it belonged to Baron Jean Germain Léon Cassel van Doorn, followed by Florence J. Gould, before being sold to J. E. Eskenazi, Ltd., who then sold it to the Cleveland Museum of Art in 1984.
Where has this statue been exhibited or documented?
The statue was featured in the Cleveland Museum of Art's "Year in Review for 1984" exhibition. It has also been documented and reproduced in numerous publications, including auction catalogs from Sotheby's, art journals like "Orientations," and scholarly catalogues of Chinese Buddhist statues in overseas collections.
How does this Guanyin statue function as a symbol?
The Guanyin statue serves as a powerful symbol of compassion, salvation, and hope. Its artistic representation conveys a sense of peace and serenity, offering solace and guidance to viewers. The statue, in the role of "guide to souls," offers a clear representation of hope for a better future.

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