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宋代筆記 vol.59 臨宇山人的六件宋瓷 - Six Song Ceramics from the Linyushanren Collection

八年過去了,在2016年的這場拍賣中出現了許多超越當時人們認知的精品。倘若沒有回顧,沒有去仔細思考錯過了什麼是一件很可惜的事情。


這一場中有7800萬的建盞,但是以下這六件,審美持久,十分值得重新關注、審視。



五代/北宋 越窯青釉刻蓮紋鴛鴦鈕圓盒

A Rare Carved And Molded Yue ‘Mandarin Ducks’ Box And Cover Five Dynasties-Northern Song Dynasty (907-1127)


成交價 美元 USD 365,000


Estimate USD 30,000 – USD 50,000

Closed: 15 Sep 2016


出版

東京國立博物舘,《特別展中國の陶磁》,東京,1994年,93頁, 編號129。

千秋庭,《中國美術蒐集》,東京,2006年,56頁,編號65。

佳士得,《古韻天成:臨宇山人宋瓷珍藏展覽》,香港,2012 年,20-21頁,編號1。


展覽

東京國立博物舘,《特別展中國の陶磁》,1994年10月12日至11月23日。

千秋庭,東京,《創立10周年記念展覽會》,2006年。

佳士得,《古韻天成:臨宇山人宋瓷珍藏展覽》,香港,2012年11 月22至27日;紐約,2013年3月15至20日;倫敦,2013年5月10 至14日。


雖然青瓷在唐、宋時期最為著名,但遠在此以前中國已經燒造青釉。早在商代就出現了高溫燒製的石灰青釉器,這種原始青瓷是同類的先驅者。至三世紀時浙江開始燒製青釉粗瓷,續燒至明代。唐至五代則是越窯發展的鼎盛時期。


唐、五代及北宋時期越窯青瓷的盛行,幾個世紀以來一直對中國南北方及其他國家的青瓷生產影響深遠。唐代浙江省有多處越窯產區,余姚縣上林湖窯為主要窯場。唐代越窯青瓷造型優雅,釉質腴潤如玉,是中國最早的瓷器瑰寶,不再視為珍貴材質的代替品,備受文人墨客推崇。陸羽在其名著《茶經》中論越窯青瓷為最佳茶盌。


越窯青瓷是中國瓷器發展的最高成就,不但聞名中外,更加得到唐、宋統治者的青睞,成為貢器。估計共有十七萬件越窯青瓷在北宋最初三十年間進貢朝廷(960-990年)。據《宋史》及 《宋會要》記載,978年吳越國主錢氏向宋王朝貢奉秘色越窯瓷器五萬件,其中一百五十件配金、銀扣。南方的越窯青瓷把淨雅的青釉品味帶進北方朝廷,甚至北宋青瓷之首汝瓷亦深受越窯影響。


This exquisite box is exceptional not only for the bold lotus-petal design and fine quality of the carving but also for the extraordinarily rare three-dimensional ducks adorning the cover. The combination of decorative motifs would have made this box a perfect wedding gift. The two ducks are symbolic of marital felicity, while the lotus provides a rebus for harmony as well as a reference to purity and feminine beauty. The seedpods depicted on the flat top below the ducks also provide a reference to the wish for progeny.


Confronted birds, particularly ducks, was a popular subject in the decorative arts of the Tang and Song dynasties and can be seen on ceramics, silver and textiles. It is rare, however, for their necks of the ducks to be entwined, as seen on the present box. A similar depiction of ducks with entwined necks can be found carved on the cover of a Yue box from the collection of Robert E. Barron III, M.D, sold at Christie’s New York, 30 March 2005, lot 265.


The fine celadon-glazed stonewares produced at the Yue kilns in Zhejiang province were so admired at the Northern Song court, that, according to the Song shi (Song history) and the Song hui yao (Collected source material on the Song dynasty), when Qianshi the ruler of Wu-Yue submitted to the Song in AD 978 he offered the emperor at Kaifeng 50,000 pieces of mise (secret color) Yue ware, 150 of which were fitted with gold or silver-gilt bands. Indeed it has been estimated that some 170,000 pieces of tribute Yue ware are recorded for the first three decades of the Northern Song period (i.e. AD 960-990). In addition, fine Yue wares have been found in a number of Tang, Five Dynasties and Song royal and aristocratic tombs, most notably those of the royal house of the Kingdom of Wu-Yue and the tomb of the Song dynasty Empress Li, wife of the Emperor Zhenzong. The empress’s tomb, located at Gongxian in Henan province, is dated to AD 1000.



Yue celadon wares helped establish a taste for subtle celadon glazes at the imperial court in the north. It is therefore not surprising that the most famous Northern Song dynasty celadon of all, Ru ware, was strongly influenced by Yue ware.


北宋/金 定窯白釉印纏枝花卉紋盤

NORTHERN SONG-JIN DYNASTY, 12TH CENTURY


成交價 美元 179,000


估價 美元 20,000 – 美元 30,000

2016年9月15日




來源

繭山龍泉堂,東京,購於2006年。


定窯印花工藝始於北宋而盛於金,以其繁麗似錦的裝飾呈現宋代素色瓷器中最華麗的風格。同類定窯印花盤十分罕見,可比河北曲陽定窯窯址中發現的一件瓷片,發表於北京2012年出版《定瓷雅集: 故宮博物院珍藏及出土定窯瓷器薈萃》,270-271頁, 編號117。 亦可比臺北故宮藏一件紋飾相似的定窯印花盌,載於蔡玫芬, 《定州花瓷-院藏定窯系白瓷特展》,台北,2014年,150頁, 編號II-95。


南宋 吉州窯玳瑁釉剪紙貼雙鳳紋長頸瓶 銘「飛鶴」

於1941年4月9日登記為日本重要美術品;於2015年9月4日註銷該認定。

SOUTHERN SONG DYNASTY (1127-1279)


成交價 美元 1,085,000


估價 美元 80,000 – 美元 120,000

拍品終止拍賣: 2016年9月15日



來源

千宗旦(1578-1658年)珍藏。

鴻池家珍藏。

十二代鴻池善右衛門幸昌(1883-1954) 。

安宅收藏。


出版

《 千家名物類聚 : 中興名物記 》,十八世界中葉日本茶道家族千家珍藏茶道器具紀錄。

小山富士夫編,《中國名陶百選》,東京, 1960年,79頁。

日本經濟新聞社,《中国陶磁名品展 : 安宅コレクション》, 東京,1975年,編號57。

小山富士夫,《陶磁大系38天目》, 東京,1974年, 圖122。

長谷部樂爾編,《中國の陶瓷6天目》,東京,1999年,編號55。

朝日新聞社,《宋磁 : 神品とよばれたやきもの》,東京,1999 年,119頁,圖81。

佳士得,《古韻天成:臨宇山人宋瓷珍藏展覽》,香港,2012 年,96-97頁,編號42。

蘇玫瑰,‘Chinese Classic Wares from a Japanese Collection: Song Ceramics from the Linyushanren Collection’, 《Arts of Asia》,2014年3月至4月,97-108頁,圖14。


展覽

傳展出於東京根津美術館。

日本經濟新聞社,東京日本橋高島屋, 《中國名陶百選展》, 1960年4月5日至17日。

日本經濟新聞社,東京日本橋三越百貨公司,《中国陶磁名品展: 安宅コレクション》, 1975年9月。

朝日新聞社,《宋磁 : 神品とよばれたやきもの》,東京,1999年3月6日至4月13日;大阪,4月25日至6月13日;荻,6月20日至8 月15日。


吉州窯位於今江西省吉安縣、永和縣交界處,始燒於晚唐而盛於宋代,於南宋時達到巔峰,為宋代江南著名的民窯之一。吉州窯出產器型及釉色種類繁多,其中以黑褐釉器最為著名。


江西吉州窯所燒黑褐釉器裝飾非常多元,為各窯之冠。該窯首創剪紙貼花裝飾,其技法為先施黑釉,再將以剪紙呈現的鸞鳳,花卉,吉祥文字等紋飾貼在黑釉上,再施一層灰釉,致使有紙片紋飾處之釉被隔絕,燒製時就形成了獨具特色的剪紙紋,整體大方活潑,極具特色。


此瓶來源亦為安宅收藏。來源顯赫,加上此類吉州窯剪紙貼花長頸瓶十分罕見,愈顯得此瓶彌足珍貴。


Located in central Jiangxi province, the Jizhou kilns were perhaps the most daring, versatile and technically creative kilns of the Song dynasty. Although they produced a wide variety of wares, including northern-style white stonewares with molded and slip-painted designs, the kilns are perhaps most renowned for their innovative technique of using openwork paper cutouts as stencils to create resist designs. For a discussion of the processes involved in producing tortoiseshell glazes and designs using paper cut-outs, see R. D. Mowry, Hare’s Fur, Tortoiseshell, and Partridge Feathers - Chinese Brown-and Black-glazed Ceramics, 400-1400, Cambridge, 1996, pp. 36-7.


It is exceptionally rare to find a Jizhou vase of this shape with paper-cut design of two phoenixes. Paper-cut designs of phoenixes are more often found on bowls, such as the example from the Falk Collection illustrated by R. D. Mowry, Hare’s Fur, Tortoiseshell, and Partridge Feathers - Chinese Brown-and Black-glazed Ceramics, 400-1400, Cambridge, 1996, p. 243, no. 97, and subsequently sold in at Christie’s New York, 16 October, lot 92, or decorating brownish-black-glazed ovoid vases such as the example in the Harvard Art Museums illustrated ibid., pp. 253-4, no. 103, where the phoenixes are reserved in the biscuit and the details are picked out in black slip. Also of particular note is the extraordinarily well-preserved, lustrous glaze of the current vase which is accented by subtle milky blue streaks that concentrate in speckles on the wings of the two phoenixes.


Fenghuang (phoenix) is a combination of characters for the male and female animal, and thus the two phoenixes can be seen as representing a married couple and symbolizing marital felicity. The phoenix also symbolizes the qualities of virtue, duty, correct behavior, reliability and humanity, all ideal attributes for a wife. In legends, the phoenix not only represents the ruler but is seen only in times of peace. Depicted among other birds on paintings and works of art, the phoenix symbolizes the ruler in harmony with his officials.

北宋/金 磁州窯白地黑花魚藻紋缽

NORTHERN SONG-JIN DYNASTY (960-1234)


成交價 美元 785,000


估價 美元 120,000 – 美元 180,000



來源

繭山龍泉堂,東京。

安宅收藏。


出版

小山富士夫編,《世界陶瓷全集》,卷十:宋遼篇,東京,1956 年,編號100。

小山富士夫,《宋磁》, 東京,1959年,編號21。

日本陶磁協會及讀書新聞社,《中國古陶磁唐宋名陶磁展》, 東京,1964年, 編號191。

小山富士夫, 《陶器講座 》,卷六: 中國 ll 宋, 東京,1971年, 編號48。

日本經濟新聞社,《中国陶磁名品展:安宅コレクション》, 東京,1972年,編號22。

長谷部樂爾,《陶磁大系39 磁州窯》, 1974年, 東京, 編號14。

日本經濟新聞社,《中国陶磁名品展 : 安宅コレクション》, 東京,1975年,編號34。

繭山順吉,《龍泉集芳》,東京,1976年,卷I,編號551。

大阪市立美術館,《宋元の美術》,大阪,1978年,編號1-172。

長谷部樂爾,《世界陶磁全集》,卷13: 遼金元 ,東京,1981 年,編號16。

佳士得,《古韻天成:臨宇山人宋瓷珍藏展覽》,香港,2012 年,140-141頁,編號58。

蘇玫瑰,‘Chinese Classic Wares from a Japanese Collection: Song Ceramics from the Linyushanren Collection’, 《Arts of Asia》,2014年3月至4月,97-108頁,圖25。


展覽

日本陶磁協會及讀書新聞社,東京日本橋白木屋百貨公司, 《中國古陶磁 唐宋名陶磁展》,1964年。

日本經濟新聞社,大阪三越百貨公司,《中国陶磁名品展:安宅コレクション》, 1972年11月。

日本經濟新聞社,東京日本橋三越百貨公司,《中国陶磁名品展: 安宅コレクション》, 1975年9月。

大阪市立美術館,《宋元の美術》,大阪,1978年。

佳士得,《古韻天成:臨宇山人宋瓷珍藏展覽》,香港,2012年11 月22至27日;紐約,2013年3月15至20日;倫敦,2013年5月10 至14日。

磁州窯並非單指一種瓷器或一個窯址,而是泛指生產多種瓷器,分佈於華北廣大地區的一大窯系。磁州窯得名於該窯系位于河北省邯鄲市磁縣的典型窯址,觀台磁州窯。觀台磁州窯的產品豐富、製作精細,且富有創意, 廣為其他磁州窯系窯場所效仿。本件魚藻紋缽即為觀台磁州窯的細路產品,原屬安宅收藏,曾經數十次出版、展覽,為世界陶瓷界知名的磁州窯名品。本件作品的出彩之處在於畫師對水中游魚、水藻動態的精確把握, 筆畫雖簡而神韻儼然。游魚水藻的圖式最早出現於宋代繪畫,著名者如現藏聖路易斯美術館的北宋劉窠《落花游魚圖》,紐約大都會博物館所藏傳宋趙克夐《藻魚圖》,以及宋末元初周東卿《魚樂圖》(圖一)。 《莊子.秋水》有載:「莊子與惠子遊於濠梁之上。莊子曰儵魚出遊從容, 是魚樂也。惠子曰子非魚,安知魚之樂?」從《魚樂圖》上「非魚豈知樂」的題詩可以看出此類圖案蘊含的道家哲理。


此式深腹缽是北宋晚期至金前期磁州窯的代表作品。在河北觀台磁州窯址的發掘中曾發現多件殘片,考古學家多定為觀台窯的二期後段,對應北宋徽宗建中靖國元年至金熙宗皇統年間(1101-1149)。磁州窯深腹缽的裝飾可分為三類: 第一類為素白釉,見北京大學考古學系,《觀台磁州窯址》,北京,1997年,彩版六,編號2; 第二類為白釉剔花,見前揭書,彩版六,編號1以及圖版一三,編號4; 第三類是此類深腹缽裝飾的大宗,白地黑花,可參照前揭書,彩版六,編號3,圖版一三,編號3,以及圖版十四,編號1。有學者提出磁州窯白地黑花裝飾是為了模仿黑剔花裝飾而產生的。黑剔花裝飾需在素胎上施白、黑兩層化妝土,而後刻劃花紋並將花紋外的黑化妝土剔去,耗時費力。如本件白地黑花深腹缽先用黑化妝土畫花,而後在黑花上加刻細紋,不失為一種簡潔而有效的替代方式。而用畫筆寫就的圖案所體現的筆意更是工整的黑剔花所欠缺的。東京出光美術館藏有一件尺寸稍大而器形、紋飾與本品如出一轍的磁州窯魚藻紋缽,著錄於1999年東京朝日新聞社出版的《宋磁 : 神品とよばれたやきもの》, 編號105。


Cizhou wares are not specific to one kiln site. The term Cizhou is one of convenience used for a large group of widely varied ceramic wares made over a large area of Northern China. This ‘fish’ bowl, formerly in the world-renowned Ataka Collection, is one of the most universally recognized Cizhou vessels, and has been included in a number of important exhibitions and discussed extensively in literature.


The decoration of fish amongst aquatic plants was popular in Song paintings. Notable examples include a Northern Song handscroll, Luohua youyu tu, by Liu Ke, now in the Saint Louis Art Museum; a Southern Song album leaf attributed to Zhao Kexiong, now in the Metropolitan Museum of art; and a Southern Song handscroll, Yule tu (the Pleasure of Fishes) by Zhou Dongqin (fig. 1). This motif was inspired by a passage from the Daoist classic Zhuangzi, in which Zhuangzi strolling along a river, observes, “See how the small fish come out and dart around where they please! That’s what fish really enjoy!” His companion Huizi remarks, “You’re not a fish-how do you know what fish enjoy?” Zhuangzi replies, “You are not I, so how do you know I don’t know what fish enjoy?” On the present vessel the Cizhou potters’ free and skillful painting style brilliantly conveys the convincing impression of the flow of the water.


Bowls of similar shape to the current bowl have been excavated from the Guantai kilns in Cixian, Hebei province. According to archaeologists, deep bowls of the present shape belong to the late Phase II of the Guantai kiln, dating from the Jianzhongjingguo reign of Song Huizong to the Huangtong reign of Jin Xizong (1101-1149). The decoration on such bowls can be divided into three styles. Some of these were left plain white, such as the example illustrated in Archaeology Department of Peking University, Guantai Cizhou yaozhi, Beijing, 1997, col. pl. VI, no. 2. Some were decorated with linear sgraffiato designs incised through the slip to reveal the body beneath, ibid., col. pl. VI, no. 1, pl. XIII, no. 4. The majority of the deep bowls, both excavated and preserved in collections, however, are decorated with bold designs painted in black or dark brown slip, ibid., col. pl. VI, no. 3, pl. XIII, no. 3, pl. XIV, no. 1. A larger Cizhou ‘fish’ bowl of similar shape and decoration is in the Idemitsu Museum of Arts, Tokyo, and illustrated in Song Ceramics, Tokyo, 1999, no. 105.


北宋/金 黑釉堆條紋雙繫罐

NORTHERN SONG-JIN DYNASTY (960-1234)


成交價 美元 81,250


估價 美元 20,000 – 美元 30,000



來源

古美術下條,東京。


黑釉堆條紋器為磁州窯系典型,其燒製方式為於胎上堆塑白色棱線再施以黑釉後一次燒成。釉料於高温下自然流淌,使得黑釉隨着棱線起伏呈現黑白對比,突顯其獨特而大方的質地,並多了一份令人驚喜的現代感。


類似黑釉堆線紋器著錄頗多,可比較一件尺寸稍大(高 25.4公分)之黑釉堆條紋雙繫罐,載於R. D. Mowry,《Hare’s Fur, Tortoiseshell, and Partridge Feathers: Chinese Brown-and Black-Glazed Ceramics, 400-1400》, 劍橋, 1996, 174至179頁, 編號 61。瑞士玫茵堂珍藏亦有一件尺寸較小(高約 17.7公分)之例,載於柯玫瑰,《玫茵堂藏中國陶瓷》, 卷一,248頁,編號447。.

Dark brown or black-glazed stoneware vessels with ribbed decoration appear to have been made in several kilns in northern China. Compare a slightly larger wide-mouthed jar (25.4 cm. high) of this type, from the collection of Mr. and Mrs. Janos Szekeres, illustrated by R. D. Mowry, Hare’s Fur, Tortoiseshell, and Partridge Feathers: Chinese Brown-and Black Glazed Ceramics, 400-1400, Cambridge, 1996, pp. 174-9, no. 61. A slightly smaller example (approx. 7 in. high) is in the Meiyintang Collection and illustrated by R. Krahl in Chinese Ceramics from the Meiyintang Collection, vol. I, London, 1994, p. 248, no. 447.


北宋/金 鈞窯天青釉紫斑盤

NORTHERN SONG-JIN DYNASTY, 12TH CENTURY


成交價 美元 112,500


估價 美元 40,000 – 美元 60,000


鈞瓷造型獨特、釉色奇幻,是宋瓷中最引人入勝的品種,與定窯、汝窯、官窯、哥窯齊名,合稱宋代五大名窯。宋金時期鈞窯窯址集中於今日河南省禹州、汝州兩地,而其實際分佈更加廣泛,只是取禹縣神垕鎮鈞台窯這一典型窯址來命名。鈞窯的一大貢獻為紫紅斑裝飾的運用,那是入窯前在釉面上加入氧化銅所得到的效果。在紫斑之中,往往出現自然的顏色變化,最明顯的是其中出現的小片綠色。這些綠斑是由於高濃度銅積聚,冷却時二次氧化而成的,這為艷麗奇幻的紫紅斑添加了生動的意趣。


內外皆施紫斑的鈞窯盤是鈞窯中難得的名品。近似的鈞窯盤可參照故宮博物院藏兩例,載於1996年出版故宮博物院藏文物珍品全集《兩宋瓷器(上)》,編號226及230;2012年11月28日於香港佳士得拍賣的一例,拍品2276號;以及倫敦埃斯肯納齊2015 年11月《Principal wares of the Song period from a private collection》展售一例,編號17。


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