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唐代筆記 vol.28 藍理捷:唐黑陶淨瓶,對比京都國立、弗利爾、波士頓耀州窯淨瓶 - J.J.Lally, Tang Dynasty Burnished Black Pottery Buddhist Ritual Vessel (Kundika)

  • Writer: SACA
    SACA
  • Feb 14
  • 4 min read


這件唐代黑陶淨瓶不僅體現了高超的陶瓷工藝,其複雜而精細的造型設計亦反映了唐代對外來文化,尤其是佛教文化的吸收與本土化演變。

從器物的形式演變、工藝技術,到其在佛教儀式中的實際用途,都為研究唐代中外交流、宗教儀式及陶瓷藝術提供了寶貴的實物證據。通過對比不同材質(陶、青銅)與不同地區出土的同類器物,學者們能夠更全面地理解「淨瓶 kundika」這一器型在古代東西方文化互動中的傳播與變革。


唐    黑陶淨瓶    高 29.5 釐米


J.J. Lally展覽:黑白中的中國陶瓷

展期:2010年3月20日至4月10日


這件器物為一件經高溫燒制、表面光亮打磨的黑陶佛教儀式用器(“kundika”)。其造型沿襲金屬器的傳統範式,具有以下特點:


器身造型與足基設計

  • 整體器身呈卵形,胎體製作精良、比例勻稱。

  • 器身安置於一個高而空心、向外擴展的環狀足上,足基造型獨特,為器物提供了穩定的支撐。

肩部、出水口與口部結構

  • 器身肩部巧妙地施以裝飾性造型,設置有一個圓潤的、略呈鼓形的出水口。

  • 出水口向上延伸,直至形成一個直立的杯狀口部,顯示出器物的層次感與精細工藝。

頸部與邊飾設計

  • 器頸修長而細,整體線條優雅。

  • 在口部之下,頸部被一寬大的盤狀法輪(邊沿)所截斷,此邊沿呈階梯狀,緊接著的是狹窄而逐漸收尖的噴口,其下部飾有凸起的肋條。

釉面與燒制效果

  • 該器採用黑陶高溫燒制,表面經過精細打磨與拋光,呈現出光滑而富有光澤的效果。

  • 局部區域可見因長期窖藏所產生的風化效果,以及附著的部分土質殘留痕跡,這既反映了器物的歷史痕跡,也為其增添了獨特的質感。



此外,有關此器形與“kundika”名稱的學術討論及實例說明如下:

白釉kundika實例在Watson所著《唐與遼陶瓷》(London, 1984,插圖141)中,收錄了一件來自新潟BSN美術館的白釉kundika,其形制與上述黑陶淨瓶十分相似。作者將梵文“kundika”譯為“淨水瓶”,這一名稱源於該器在佛教儀式中用於僧侶洗手淨身的功能。

起源考證

Bo Gyllensvärd在其綜合性研究《唐代金銀器》(T’ang Gold and Silver, B.M.F.E.A.公報第29號,斯德哥爾摩,1957年,第75頁)中討論了此器形的起源。他認為這種器物最初作為佛教僧侶的水瓶出現,且被中國朝聖者義淨於公元671年在印度首次記錄為一種新奇之物。Gyllensvärd在圖36中,不僅展示了一件中國鑄造青銅kundika及一件陶器實例,還將之與中亞和印度的原型進行並列比較,並附有器物使用示意圖。


其他考古與學術實例

一件稍小型的黑釉陶瓷kundika,於1985年在河南省鶴壁市唐代墓葬中出土,目前藏於鶴壁博物館。此件器物已由張白主編,收入《中國出土瓷器全集(12)——河南卷》(北京,2008年,第101頁,第101號)。


Krahl在《梅益堂藏中國陶瓷》(Volume Three (I), London, 2006,第278–279頁)中,展示了多種唐代釉陶kundika實例,以及一件中國鑄銅kundika,進一步豐富了對這一器形的理解與研究。


另外,Hayashi在《絲綢之路與正倉院》(The Silk Road and the Shōsō-in, English Edition, New York, 1975,第158頁,第184號)中,介紹了一件唐代青銅kundika。此器原屬於聖武天皇的藏品,其妻在天皇逝世後將其捐贈給奈良東大寺的正倉院,見證了該器在中日文化交流史上的重要地位。


參考同款造型例子:


弗利爾美術館 唐代白釉淨瓶 / Smithsonian Institute of Art

From 1909 to 1919, Charles Lang Freer (1854-1919), purchased from Yung Pao Chai, Beijing, in 1909


京都國立博物館 白磁浄瓶 / 寄贈者 松井宏次

Kyoto National Museum, Height 27.2cm Mouth diameter 1.8cm Thickness 12.3cm, Donor Matsui Hirotsugu

 An exquisite and rare carved ‘Yaozhou’ kundika, Northern Song dynasty (960-1127); ; 21.9 cm, 8 5/8  in. Estimate 500,000 — 700,000 HKD (58,472 - 81,860 EUR). Lot sold 5,480,000 HKD. Photo Sotheby's.


A Carved ‘Yaozhou’ Kundika, Northern Song Dynasty, bequest of Charles Bain Hoyt - Charles Bain Hoyt Collection Art object: Photography © 2016 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.


J.J.Lally Exhibition: Chinese Ceramics in Black and White

March 20–April 10, 2010


A BURNISHED BLACK POTTERY BUDDHIST RITUAL VESSEL (KUNDIKA)

Tang Dynasty (A.D. 618–907)


following a metal shape, the well potted ovoid body resting on a high hollow splayed ring foot and applied on the shoulder with a bulbous spout rising to an upright cup-shaped mouth, the tall slender neck of the vessel interrupted by a wide disc-shaped flange with stepped edge below the narrow tapered nozzle with raised ribs below the mouth, the high-fired black pottery body with glossy burnished surface showing the effect of burial in some areas and with remains of encrusted earth.

Height 115⁄8 inches (29.5 cm)


A white-glazed kundika of very similar form from the Niigata BSN Bijutsukan is illustrated by Watson in Tang and Liao Ceramics, London, 1984, pl. 141, where the author translates the Sanskrit name of this vessel shape ‘kundika’ as ‘pure-water bottle’, derived from the use of these vessels for hand-washing in Buddhist rituals.


Bo Gyllensvärd, in his comprehensive study entitled “T’ang Gold and Silver,” B.M.F.E.A., Bulletin no. 29, Stockholm, 1957, p. 75 discusses the origin of this form as the water bottle of the Buddhist monk, described as a novelty by the Chinese pilgrim Yi Jing when he saw it in India in A.D. 671. A Chinese bronze kundika and a pottery example are illustrated by Gyllensvärd in fig. 36, together with the Central Asian and Indian prototypes and a drawing showing their usage.


A black-glazed pottery kundika of slightly smaller size unearthed in 1985 from a Tang dynasty tomb in Hebi city, Henan province, currently in the collection of Hebi Museum, is illustrated by Zhang Bai (ed.) in the Zhongguo chutu ciqi quanji (12) Henan (Complete Collection of Ceramic Art Unearthed in China, Vol. 12, Henan Province), Beijing, 2008, p. 101, no. 101.


Several different Tang dynasty glazed pottery kundika and a Chinese cast bronze example are illustrated by Krahl, Chinese Ceramics from the Meiyintang Collection, Volume Three (I), London, 2006, pp. 278–279.


A Tang dynasty bronze kundika from the collection of Emperor Shōmu, donated to the Shōsō-in storehouse of Tōdai-ji Temple in Nara by the emperor’s wife after his death in A.D. 756, is illustrated by Hayashi in The Silk Road and the Shōsō-in, English Edition, New York, 1975, p. 158, no. 184.

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